Course Paper: Legal/Moral Reasoning(tutoring feedback and final, revised paper due in Canvas: Sunday, 7/28)(The scoring rubric is on the last page of this document.)Purpose: To demonstrate your newly-gained knowledge of legal and/or moral reasoning,critical thinking, and other argument concepts that you’ve learned in ENG 124 this semester, bywriting a research paper that uses that knowledge to argue about an issue.Assignment:Write an 8-10 page* research paper, on an issue of your choice. Your thesis claimstatement will be based on legal and/or moral reasoning and the paper will use otherargument concepts that you have learned in our course.*The 8-10 pages means the actual pages of academic writing – the Works Cited doesnot count toward this page count. Papers that do not meet at least the full 8-pageminimum will not be read or graded!Using the MLA headings provided in the Outline assignment (INTRODUCTION, EVIDENCE,OPPOSITION/REFUTATION, CONCLUSION), (1) present the issue and your thesis claimstatement, (2) clearly develop your argument, based on legal and/or moral reasoning andutilizing other argument concepts learned, (3) provide supporting evidence and discussion forthe argument (including at least 5 quotes from researched sources), (4) include opposition toviewpoint(s) and refute each point or points, and (5) conclude the argument. The paper must be a minimum of 8 full pages (if in doubt, write a bit over, onto the 9th page Times New Roman, 12-point font only General MLA paper formatting throughout Citations and Works Cited page formatted in proper MLA style (8th edition)Instructions:1. Choose a controversial issue or topic DO NOT USE personal preferences, personal opinions, or personal experiences! This isan academic research paper – choose a topic that can be researched and argued about. There are many issues that you could consider – politics, society, education, medicine,nutrition, science, environment, child care, labor and wage issues, etc. If you need helpchoosing an issue, check out the “Opposing Viewpoints in Context” link from the CuyamacaCollege Library: (http://www.cuyamaca.edu/academics/support/library/controversialissues.aspx) and click on the Browse All Topics button to search topics.2. Once you decide on an issue, begin to research itUse the online Cuyamaca College Library’s extensive collection of articles and newspapers.Need help with the online library resources? Contact librarian Jordon Andrade at 619-660-4412 – he is extremely helpful!Get familiar with both sides of the issue, as you’ll need to present opposition and refute itin the paper. Research peer reviewed or academic journals and reliable news sources (CNN, BBC, andthe like).o Download/print and annotate the material that you read – it is easier to locatepassages later that you may want to quote or paraphrase in the papero Create a working Works Cited page as you go – so that you don’t misplace sourceinformation and have to relocate the document/source later on You can use a reliable web source (.gov and .org are considered the most reliable), butlimit this to 1 or 2 at the most – the bulk of the research will be through peer reviewedjournals. *Absolutely no wikis of any kind – no Wikipedia or similar sites*These are unreliable sources for academic research and will not be accepted.(continued)Lapointe/English Page 2 of 7PAPER STRUCTURE & REMINDERSYou’ve written research papers in previous English classes…but a reminder about structure isalways good! Review and follow the proper structure listed below.You will use the following MLA style headings in the paper; note that they are in ALL CAPS:INTRODUCTION, EVIDENCE,OPPOSITION/REFUTATION, CONCLUSION. Remember that these go on theleft-hand side of the page – flush to the left margin.INTRODUCTIONThis should give some general information/background information about the issues, toinform and interest readers and lead them into the thesis claim argument statement that takesa stand about the issue. Typically, this is called going from the general (generalinformation/background information) to the specific (the specific thesis claim argumentstatement).Often, in an argument paper, the thesis claim statement includes “should,” “should not,”“must,” or “must not” as part of the claim. Example: In order to preserve the integrity of ourgroundwater, the practice of industrial fracking must cease immediately.EVIDENCEThe body paragraphs develop the discussion and evidence that supports the paper’s stand onthe issue. You must integrate concepts/terminology that you learned during our course insupport of the argument. Additionally, use quotes and/or paraphrases from outside sources tosupport the discussion – remember the following important points about integrating outsidematerial into the paper:1. Signal phrases – introduce outside material with a signal phrase, so that the readerknows which part of the sentence comes from the source.Example: According to Smith’s research, “apples are a good source of fiber” (9).(There are many signal phrases – ways to introduce source material Review examples in theMLA Handbook or at the OWL at Purdue website).2. Reminder: use the quote sandwich.Top bread: discussion about the issueMiddle filling: the quote or paraphrase from the sourceBottom bread: synthesis of the quote (explanation or interpretation of the quote; itssignificance to the issue, etc.)So, in other words, quotes and paraphrases must be surrounded (before and after)with the paper’s own discussion. A quote is never left on its own, nor should it start orend a paragraph (as the first sentence or the last sentence). Quotes are always withinthe discussion.3. For direct quotes of 4 lines or more, use block quote style. Follow proper MLAformatting for block quote (use a colon before the block quote; do not usequotation marks; indent the whole passage a tab space; period placementbefore citation – just the opposite of a normal sentence in the paper).(continued)Lapointe/English Page 3 of 7OPPOSITION/REFUTATIONYou must acknowledge/present the opposing point(s) of view to the argument. This serves twopurposes: first, it lets those who don’t agree with you to feel that their side has been “heard” –therefore, they may be more open to the paper’s viewpoint. Second, it allows you to refute thepoint(s), which helps you further defend the paper’s viewpoint.Remember: Use opposition wording when you present the opposite view, or it will sound like you arechanging sides. Opposition wording includes such phrases as these: some peoplefeel…some reports have shown…others believe… (etc.). Don’t insult the opposition! Politely refute the point(s). Be sure to refute the actual point that the opposition has – don’t veer from it. Address theirspecific point(s) directly – and use evidence to back up the refutation.Example: Some people feel that the dangers of vaccinating preschoolers outweigh any possiblebenefits. They refer to news reports that show that some preschoolers have become ill – or evendied – after having been vaccinated. While it is true that vaccination serum isn’t foolproof and avery small percentage of preschoolers have had adverse reactions to vaccination serum,research shows that the vast majority have not. For example, Smith’s research shows that a full95% of preschoolers vaccinated in the United States in 2015 had no adverse reaction tovaccination serum (42). Furthermore, his study shows that, in previous years, 82% ofpreschoolers who were not vaccinated developed a childhood disease that could have beenprevented by the vaccination (64). These statistics prove that it is beneficial to vaccinatepreschoolers. It is likely that you will have more than one point of opposition. You are writing an 8-to-10-pageresearch paper; you may find several valid opposition points to refute. Be sure to present andrefute each point clearly.CONCLUSIONA conclusion paragraph for an argument paper does the following: Restates the main purpose of the paper (the thesis claim argument) Concludes that, per the evidence given in support of the claim, that the claim has merit,is valid and can be implemented, etc. Reminds the reader of a few points that were made in the paper in support of that claim …and “wraps-up” the paper with a final concluding statement that provides the final,memorable “punch” to the paper.DO NOT being the conclusion paragraph with the words “in conclusion”…!It should be apparent that you are concluding the argument!Remember…Works Cited:The Works Cited does not begin right after your last sentence – it beings on the next page. Afteryou end the conclusion paragraph, move down to the next page and begin the Works Cited.**NOTE** As the name implies, the Works Cited page has on it only those sources that were cited in thepaper. Refer to the MLA Handbook, 8th ed., or to the OWL at Purdue website for proper citing andWorks Cited page development.PAPER FORMATTING EXAMPLEAppears belowLapointe/English Page 4 of 7PAPER FORMATTING EXAMPLESmith 1RoseMaryanne SmithEnglish 124Course Paper26 May 2019Title of Your PaperINTRODUCTIONIndent the first line of each paragraph. Use double-spacing throughout the paragraph. Usedouble-spacing throughout the paragraph. Be sure to use double-spacing throughout theparagraph. Use double-spacing throughout the paragraph. Use double-spacing throughout theparagraph. Use double-spacing throughout the paragraph. Be sure to use double-spacingthroughout the paragraph.Smith 3first line of each paragraph. Use double-spacing throughout the paragraph. Use double-spacingthroughout the paragraph. Be sure to use double-spacing throughout the paragraph. Use doublespacing throughout the paragraph Use double-spacing throughout the paragraph. Use doublespacing throughout the paragraph. Be sure to use double-spacing throughout the paragraph.< Name< Class< Assignment< Date (MLA style)Header < Start each section with the heading in capital letters.(The Works Cited begins on the page after the end of your paper and isnot included in the 8-10 page count.)Font: use Times New Roman, 12 point onlyLapointe/English Page 5 of 7Smith 4Works Cited.  Proofreading ChecklistYes NoINTRODUCTION___ ___ Does the introductory paragraph introduce the reader to the issue?___ ___ Does the introductory paragraph provide some background information aboutthe issue, to inform that read?___ ___ Does the thesis statement claim clearly state the paper’s position on the issue?EVIDENCE___ ___ Does the body of the paper support the argument – in terms of the thesis claimthat was established?___ ___ Have concepts and/or terminology from our course been used effectively?___ ___ Are the supporting examples from outside sources appropriate and focused?___ ___ Could more details be added to make the argument more effective?___ ___ Is the arrangement of ideas clear? If not, how they could be improved?___ ___ Are there sufficient transitions between ideas/paragraphs? If not, how thiscould be improved?OPPOSING VIEW/ REFUTATION___ ___ Is the opposing view presented clearly and objectively?___ ___ Does the paper refute each point clearly and without bias? In other words, doesthe paper refute the opposition with logical reasoning?___ ___ Have effective examples been used to refute the opposition?CONCLUSION___ ___ Does the start of the conclusion paragraph restate the thesis claim?___ ___ Does the conclusion paragraph remind the reader of key points made in thepaper that support the thesis claim?___ ___ Does the conclusion contain a final concluding statement that “wraps-up” theargument?FINALLLY…PROOFEAD YOUR WORK…!Be sure to check for grammar/sentence errors and correct MLA style (paper format, citations, Work cited .

This week…you will being researching and writing the rough draft of the Course Paper.1. Read the Course Paper Instructions and the Course Paper Outline documentsthat are in this week’s module.2. Next… Use the information below to help you create an outline for your Course Paper.3. Submit… You will type up a “working” outline and submit it in Canvas (Assignmentstab). A “working” outline is a preliminary outline; you may, of course, be changingthings in the outline as you continue to do research; however, it is important to come upwith a basic outline to get you started. You do not need to use Roman numerals, butyou must separate out your outline using the headings below and elements listedunderneath them.Include these headings and items in the outline – you will use these headings in thefinal paper, as well:INTRODUCTION Introduce the reader to the issue Provide some background about the issue Include a few specific details about the issue that will lead you to the: Thesis statement (argument claim about the issue)EVIDENCE BODY PARAGRAPHS/PAGES Use supporting discussion that argues the paper’s stand on the issueo Use specific concepts that you have learned in our course to argue the validityand soundness of the argumento Use logical reasoning – logos, pathos, ethos – to prove the pointsOPPOSITION/REFUTATION PARAGRAPH(s)/PAGES Present the opposing view fairly and objectively Use opposing view language – for example: Some people say…Some reports haveshown…Other experts say… (etc.) Refute each point of opposition that is presentedCONCLUSION* Conclude the argument claim of the paper:o Remind the reader of the thesis claimo Restate a few key points that supported that claim in the papero Concluding remark: the last sentence of the conclusion should “wrap-up” theconclusion paragraph and leave a lasting impression on the reader.**NOTE: Do not use quotes in the conclusion paragraph!***Because this is a “working” outline, you may not have a lot to “conclude” just yet –but you should, at least, have preliminary idea of what the argument is trying toconclude about the issue.